A Croatian number begins with its area code, two digits after the trunk 0 — 021 Split, 051 Rijeka, 031 Osijek — or the single 1 for Zagreb. There are twenty, one per county, and this map draws each on its county, coloured by the first digit: 2 is Dalmatia, 3 Slavonia, 4 inland Croatia, 5 the coast and Istria.
How to read the map. Each patch is a county and the numeral on it is its code, with the county seat beneath. Zagreb and Zagreb County share the one-digit 1 and are drawn as one. The colour is the first digit, which the plan handed out by region: 2 is Dalmatia from Dubrovnik's 20 up to Zadar's 23, 3 Slavonia, 4 inland Croatia from Međimurje's 40 to Krapina's 49, 5 the littoral — Rijeka's 51, Istria's 52 and Lika's 53.
Where the lines come from. The codes follow the counties exactly, as the regulator's plan and Wikipedia's list of it say, so there is nothing to infer: the patches are the counties from OpenStreetMap, as geoBoundaries publishes them, and the code on each is the one the plan gives it.
Sources. Codes: Wikipedia, Telephone numbers in Croatia — the twenty area codes by county. Geometry: geoBoundaries, Croatia ADM1 (simplified), from OpenStreetMap under ODbL; dissolved by code and by region.